PEM fuel cell separator plate

ABSTRACT

A composite separator plate for use in a fuel cell stack and method of manufacture is provided. The composite separator plate includes a plurality of elongated support members oriented generally parallel to each other and a polymeric body portion formed around the support members. The body portion includes a first surface with a plurality of flow channels and a second surface opposite the first surface. A plurality of electrically conductive fibers are disposed within the polymeric body portion, each fiber extending continuously from the first surface of the polymeric body portion to the second surface of the polymeric body portion in a through plane configuration.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to PEM fuel cells, and more particularlyto a composite separator plate having conductive fibers extendingtherethrough to enhance electrical conductivity and a method formanufacturing the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fuel cells are being developed as a power source for many applicationsincluding vehicular applications. One such fuel cell is the protonexchange membrane or PEM fuel cell. PEM fuel cells are well known in theart and include in each cell thereof a membrane electrode assembly orMEA. The MEA is a thin, proton-conductive, polymeric,membrane-electrolyte having an anode electrode face formed on one sidethereof and a cathode electrode face formed on the opposite sidethereof. In general, the membrane-electrolyte is made from ion exchangeresins, and typically comprise a perfluoronated sulfonic acid polymersuch as NAFION™ available from the E. I. DuPont de Nemeours & Co. Theanode and cathode faces, on the other hand, typically comprise finelydivided carbon particles, very finely divided catalytic particlessupported on the internal and external surfaces of the carbon particles,and proton conductive particles such as NAFION™ intermingled with thecatalytic and carbon particles; or catalytic particles, without carbon,dispersed throughout a polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) binder.

The MEA is interdisposed between sheets of porous, gas-permeable,conductive material which press against the anode and cathode faces ofthe MEA and serve as the primary current collectors for the fuel cell,and the mechanical support for the MEA. Suitable such primary currentcollector sheets comprise carbon or graphite paper or cloth, fine mesh,noble metal screen, and the like, as is well known in the art. Thisassembly is referred to as the MEA/primary current collector assemblyherein.

The MEA/primary current collector assembly is pressed between a pair ofnon-porous, electrically conductive separator plates which serve assecondary current collectors for conducting current between adjacentfuel cells internally of the stack (i.e. in the case of bipolar plates)and at the ends of a cell externally of the stack (i.e. in the case ofmonopolar or end plate). The separator plate contains a flow field thatdistributes the gaseous reactants (e.g. H₂ and O₂/air) over the surfacesof the anode and the cathode. These flow fields generally include aplurality of lands which contact the primary current collector anddefine therebetween a plurality of flow channels through which thegaseous reactants flow between a supply header and an exhaust headerlocated at opposite ends of the flow channels.

Conventionally, a separator plate is formed of a suitable metal alloysuch as stainless steel or aluminum protected with a corrosionresistant, conductive coating for enhancing the transfer of thermal andelectrical energy. Such metal plates require two stamping or etchingprocesses to form the flow fields and either a bonding or brazingprocess to fabricate a cooled plate assembly which adds cost andcomplexity to the design. In addition, the durability of the metal platein the corrosive fuel cell environment and the possibility of coolantleakage remains a concern.

These drawbacks have led to the development of composite separatorplates. In this regard, recent efforts in development of a compositeseparator plate have been directed to materials having adequateelectrical and thermal conductivity. Material suppliers have developedhigh carbon loading composite plates consisting of graphite powder inthe range of 70% to 90% by volume in a polymer matrix to achieve therequisite conductivity targets. Separator plates of this type survivethe corrosive fuel cell environment and, for the most part, meet costand conductivity targets. However, due to the high graphite loading andthe high specific gravity of graphite, these plates are inherentlybrittle and dense which yield less than desirable volumetric andgravimetric stack power densities.

Additionally, efforts have been made to reduce the fuel cell stack massand volume by using thinner plates. Unfortunately, the brittle nature ofthese plates frequently results in cracking and breaking, especially inthe manifold sections of the plate, during part demolding, duringadhesive bonding, and during stack assembly operations. As such, aseparator plate having a relatively low carbon concentration andrelatively high-polymer concentration is desirable to reduce thebrittleness of the separator plate and to meet fuel cell stack mass andvolume targets. Unfortunately, at low carbon concentrations, it isextremely difficult to meet the desired electrical and thermalconductivity targets.

Fibrous materials are typically ten to one thousand times moreconductive in the axial direction as compared to conductive powders.Consequently, a polymeric separator plate having a conductive fibrousmaterial disposed therein would increase the electrical conductivity ofthe plate without having a relatively high concentration of carbonloading which may lead to brittleness. However, to achieve thesebenefits, the fibrous materials must be properly oriented in a throughplane direction. Furthermore, a polymeric separator plate having aconductive fibrous members extending continuously therethrough in athrough plane orientation would greatly enhance the transfer ofelectrical energy through the separator plate.

Thus, there is a need to provide a fuel cell separator plate and amethod of manufacture which overcomes the inherent problems associatedwith high carbon loaded plates and the difficulties associatedtherewith. Therefore, it is desirable to provide a fuel cell separatorplate formed of a robust material having a conductive fibrous materialextending therethrough to enhance the electrical conductivity of theseparator plate. It is also desirable to provide a fuel cell separatorplate having integrally formed cooling channels to reduce the thermalenergy in the plate and the possibility of coolant leaks in theseparator plates. It is further desirable to provide a method ofmanufacturing such fuel cell separator plates which reduces the numberof steps in fabricating cooled plates (i.e. eliminate double forming andbonding).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a composite separator plate for use in afuel cell stack. The composite separator plate includes a plurality ofelongated support members oriented generally parallel to each other anda polymeric body portion formed around the support members. The bodyportion has a first surface with a plurality of flow channels and asecond surface opposite the first surface. A plurality of electricallyconductive fibers are disposed within the polymeric body portion, eachfiber extending continuously from the first surface of the polymericbody portion to the second surface of the polymeric body portion in athrough plane configuration.

The present invention also provide a method of manufacturing a compositeseparator plate wherein a plurality of elongated support members areoriented in a generally parallel arrangement. A plurality of conductivecontinuous fibers are arranged adjacent the plurality of support membersto form a lattice. The lattice is encased in a polymeric material toform a non-porous separator plate having a first and second surface. Aplurality of channels are formed in at least one of these surfaces. Aportion of the first and second surfaces are removed to form exposedsurfaces and to sever the continuous fibers into a plurality ofconductive elements having ends which terminate at the exposed surfaces.Each of the plurality of conductive elements extend continuously in athrough plane direction through the separator plate.

Further areas of applicability of the present invention will becomeapparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It shouldbe understood that the detailed description and specific examples, whileindicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended forpurposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope ofthe invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will become more fully understood from thedetailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic exploded illustration of a PEM fuel stack;

FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of abipolar plate constructed in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of abipolar plate construction in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of abipolar plate constructed in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view of a fourth embodiment of abipolar plate constructed in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a partial cross-sectional view of a monopolar separator plateconstructed in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a flow chart identifying the preferred manufacturing processof the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a composite separatorplate at block 304 of FIG. 7 of the manufacturing process;

FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a composite separatorplate at block 306 of FIG. 7 of the preferred manufacturing preferred;and

FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of a portion of the compositeseparator plate at block 308 of FIG. 7 of the preferred manufacturingprocess.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following description of the preferred embodiments are merelyexemplary in nature and are in no way intended to limit the invention,its application, or uses.

With reference to FIG. 1 a partial PEM fuel cell stack 20 isschematically illustrated having a pair of membrane electrode assemblies(MEAs) 22, 24 separated from each other by a non-porous,electrically-conductive bipolar separator plate 26. MEAs 22, 24 andseparator plate 26 are stacked together between clamping plates 28, 30and monopolar separator plates or end plates 32, 34. Separator plates26, 32 and 34 each have a plurality of channels 36, 38, 40, 42 formed inthe faces of the plates which define flow fields for distributingreactants (i.e. H 2 and 02) to the anode and cathode faces of MEAs 22,24. Nonconductive gaskets or seals 44, 46, 48, 50 seal and electricallyinsulate plates 26, 32, 34 of the fuel cell stack 20. Primary currentcollectors 52, 54, 56, 58 are formed of porous, gas permeable,electrically-conductive material which press up against the reactivefaces of the MEAs 22, 24. Primary current collectors 52-58 also providemechanical supports for MEAs 22, 24 particularly at locations where theMEAs 22, 24 are otherwise unsupported along the flow channels 36-42 inthe flow field. Suitable primary current collectors includecarbon/graphite paper/cloth, fine mesh screens, open cell noble metalforms, and the like which conduct current from the MEAs 22, 24 whileallowing the reactant gas to pass therethrough.

Separator plates 32, 34 press up against the primary current collectors52, 58 respectively, while separator plate 26 presses up against primarycurrent collector 54 on the anode face of MEA 22 and against primarycurrent collector 56 on the cathode face of MEA 24. Oxygen is suppliedto the cathode side of the fuel cell stack from a storage tank 60 viaappropriate supply plumbing 62, while hydrogen is supplied to the anodeside of the fuel cell stack from a storage tank 64 via appropriatesupply plumbing 66. The O₂ storage tank 60 may be eliminated and airsupplied to the cathode side from the ambient; and the H₂ storage tank64 may be eliminated and hydrogen supplied to the anode from a reformingsystem which reforms hydrogen from methanol or a liquid hydrocarbon suchas gasoline. Exhaust plumbing (not shown) for both the H₂ and the O₂/airsides of the MEAs 22, 24 is also provided for removing anode and cathodeeffluent from their respective flow fields. Additional plumbing 68, 70,72 is provided for circulating a cooling fluid through plates 26, 32, 34as may be needed.

FIG. 2 shows the flow field portion 38, 40 of bipolar separator plate 26constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.The bipolar separator plate 26 includes a main body portion 100 definingthe exemplary shape of the separator plate 26, a plurality of tubularmembers 102 disposed within the main body portion 100 and a plurality ofelectrically conductive elements 104 extending through the main bodyportion 100 in a through-plane orientation. In operation, the separatorplate 26 is in electrical contact with the MEAs 22, 24 via currentcollectors 54, 56 and in thermal contact with the gaseous reactantsflowing through channels 38, 40. The conductive fibers 104 and tubularmembers 102 of the separator plate 26 enhance the transfer of electricaland thermal energy, respectively, to control the environment of the fuelcell stack.

The main body portion 100 is formed to have flow field 38 formed in anupper surface 106 of the separator plate. The flow field 38 is definedby a plurality of channels 108 and a plurality of lands 110 that are incontact with the primary current collector 54. The flow field 38provides a pathway for the gaseous reactants in the fuel cell stack totravel from an intake manifold (not shown) to an exhaust manifold (notshown). Similarly, flow field 40 is formed on a lower surface 111 of theseparator plate 26. The flow field 40 is defined by a plurality ofchannels 112 and a plurality of lands 114 that are in contact with theprimary current collector 56 of the fuel cell stack. The channels 108,112 and lands 110, 114 may be constructed to have a variety ofgeometries. The shape of the lands defines the size, shape andconfiguration of the flow fields 38, 40, which may be altered to achievedesired flow of the gaseous reactants. As presently illustrated, theflow fields are configured as having parallel channels and lands.

The main body portion 100 is formed of a polymeric material havingrelatively high strength, suitable thermal properties and low permeationwith respect to coolant fluid and reactant gases. Preferably, the mainbody portion 100 is formed of a toughened, thermally conductive polymersuch as carbon-filled epoxy. However, the main body portion 100 may beformed of other suitable materials having such desirable properties. Forexample, the main body portion may be constructed of silicone,poly-isobutylene, polyvinyl ester, polyester, phenolic, polypropylene,ETFE, nylon or rubber-modified polypropylene. The thermal conductivitycan be enhanced by loading the polymeric material with carbon, graphiteor nobel metal particles.

The tubular members 102 disposed within the main body portion 100 of theseparator plate 26 are operable to define a secondary flow fieldthere-through to pass a cooling fluid through the separator plate 26 forcontrolling the thermal energy thereof. The tubular members 102 areadapted to pass a cooling fluid through plumbing 70 to remove (or add)thermal energy from (to) the fuel cell stack 20. The coolant headerswhich fluidly couple the tubular member 102 to the plumbing 70 shouldprovide electrically insulation therebetween to eliminate shunt currentbetween the fibers 104 and the tubular members 102.

Typically, the exothermic reaction of the gaseous reactants in a fuelcell stack 20 creates unwanted thermal energy that should be removed.The tubular members 102 define a passageway 116 extending through thetubular member 102. As shown in FIG. 2, the tubular members 102 areformed to be complementary in shape, to the lands 110, 114 of theseparator plate 26. Thus, while tubular members 102 are illustrated ashaving a generally trapezoidal cross-section, a skilled practitionerwill recognize that the tubular member 102 may be formed to have avariety of cross sectional shapes. In this regard, it is preferred thatthe tubular members 102 comprise at least one-half of the crosssectional area of the lands and more preferably about 80% of the crosssectional area of the lands to maximize thermal conductivity.

As presently preferred, the tubular members 102 are formed of acarbon-filled polymer. However, it is contemplated that the tubularmembers 102 may be formed of any of a variety of materials that arethermally conductive and not susceptible to corrosion from exposure tothe gaseous reactant or coolants commonly used in a fuel cell stack.Some other suitable materials include titanium, carbon or stainlesssteel.

The ability to conduct thermal energy from the separator plate 26 to thetubular member 102 is generally increased as the contact area betweenthe body portion 100 and the outer surface of the tubular member 102 isincreased. It should also be appreciated that the size and shape of thetubular member 102 may affect the thermal conductivity between the mainbody portion 100 and the tubular members 102. For example, thetrapezoidal shape of the tubular members 102 shown in FIG. 2 is believedto optimize thermal conductivity therebetween.

The conductive elements 104 disposed within the separator plate 26 aregenerally oriented in a through plane orientation and extendcontinuously from the upper surface 106 of the separator plate 26 to thelower surface 112 of the separator plate 26 for minimizing the bulkresistivity of the plate 26. Each conductive element 104 is an elongatedfiber (i.e. an aspect ratio of 2000:1 or greater). The first end 118 isexposed at the upper surface 106 and directly contacts the primarycurrent collector 54. The second end 120 is exposed at the lower surface111 and directly contacts primary current collector 56. The conductiveelements 104 are formed of a carbon-based, electrically conductive fibersuch as pitch-based fibers, PAN-based fiber, or others. The conductiveelements 104 may also be formed of other suitable electricallyconductive fibrous materials such as graphite fibers, Au-coated graphitefibers, Pt-coated graphite fibers, Au fibers, Pt fibers or stainlesssteel fibers.

The composite separator plate 26 is formed using a process such that theconductive elements 104 are disposed within the body portion 102, eachfiber extending continuously from the upper surface 106 to the lowersurface 112 of the plate in a through-plane orientation. As presentlypreferred, the separator plate 26 is formed of a composite materialhaving a composition of a polymeric material of 50% to 98% by volume %and a plurality of conductive elements of 2% to 50% by volume %. As morepreferred, the separator plate 26 includes at least 80% polymericmaterial and approximately 10% conductive elements, the balance being athermally conductive material dispersed within the polymeric material.The preferred separator plate has a bulk resistivity equal to or lessthan 0.01 ohm·cm (Ω·cm) and an area specific resistance equal to or lessthan 50 milliohms·centimeters squared (mΩ·cm²) at a compression ratio ofless than or equal to approximately 14 kilogram force per centimeterssquared (Kgf/cm²). In this regard, the area specific resistance includesthe contact resistance and the bulk resistance of the separator plate.

FIG. 3 shows a second preferred embodiment of a separator plate 150formed in accordance with the present invention. The separator plate 150is substantially similar to the separator plate 26 described above,except for the following features which will be discussed in detail. Thetubular members 152 of the separator plate 150 are in thermal contactwith the planar surfaces 156, 158 of lands 160, 162. An extendedconductive portion 164 extends from the tubular member 152 andterminates at the planar surfaces 156, 158. The extended conductiveportion 164 engages the primary current collector 54. In operation, theextended conductive portion 164 transfers thermal energy from theinterface of the primary current collector 54 and the separator plate150 directly to the tubular member 152 and the coolant fluid therein.The extended conductive portion 164 is preferably integrally formed withthe tubular member 152. However, it is contemplated that the extendedconductive portion 164 may be formed separately or of another conductivematerial for enhancing thermal energy transfer to the tubular member152.

A third preferred embodiment of a separator plate 170 constructed inaccordance with the teachings of the present invention is shown in FIG.4. The separator plate 170 is substantially similar to the separatorplate 26 described above except for the following differences which willbe discussed in detail. The separator plate 170 is formed to have ahighly conductive layer 172 disposed over the planar surfaces of thelands 174, 176. The highly conductive layer 172 is formed to cover theexposed faces of lands 174, 176 and to conductively contact the endportions of the conductive fibers 178. The highly conductive layer 172is operable to conduct electrical energy from the primary currentcollectors 54, 56 to the conductive fibers 178 of the separator plate170. Further details concerning the highly conductive layer aredisclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/997,190 entitled “Low ContactResistance PEM Fuel Cell” filed Nov. 20, 2001, which is commonly ownedby the assignee of the present invention and the disclosure of which isexpressly incorporated by reference.

A fourth preferred embodiment of a separator plate 180 constructed inaccordance with the teachings of the present invention is shown in FIG.5. The separator plate 180 is substantially similar to the separatorplate 26 except for a few differences which will be discussed in detail.The separator plate 180 includes a hollow passageway 182 formed in thelands 184 of the separator plate 180. In this regard, the tubularmembers 102 of separator plates 26 are eliminated. The conductive fibers186 extend through the main body portion 188 of the separator plate 180.The passageways 182 are coupled to a fluid coolant system (not shown)for controlling the thermal energy in the separator plate 180 in amanner previously described with respect to tubular members 102.

The composite separator plates 26, 150, 170, 180 described above havebeen of the bipolar type. However, the teachings of the presentinvention are equally applicable to a monopolar type separator plate 190as shown in FIG. 6. The monopolar separator plate 190 include a flowfield 42 defined by lands 192 and channels 194 in the upper surface 196of the separator plate 190. A generally planar lower surface 198 isformed opposite the upper surface 196 and engages the end plate 12, 14.The conductive fibers 200 extend from upper surface 196 of the lands 192extend through the separator plate 190 and terminate at the lowersurface 198 of the separator plate 190 to enhance electrical and thermalconductivity through the separator plate 190. Likewise, tubular members202 extend through separator plate 190 to provide internal coolingpassageways.

Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method ofmanufacturing a separator plate having continuous conductive fibersaligned in a through plane orientation to enhance the electrical andthermal conductivity of the separator plate. The method of manufacturingthe aforementioned separator plate enables the use of integrally formedcoolant passageways to enhance the thermal capacity of the separatorplate.

The steps of fabricating a composite separator plate in accordance withthe present invention are set forth in the flow chart generallyindicated at 300 in FIG. 7 and illustrated in FIGS. 8-10. As indicatedat block 302, a plurality of support members 312, 314 are initiallypositioned in a cavity 316 defined by mold 318 (as seen in FIG. 8). Thesupport members 312, 314 are shown in FIGS. 8-10 as elongated membershaving an arched cross section. A skilled practitioner will appreciatethat the support members 312, 314 may be any of a variety of crosssectional shapes. For example, the support members 312, 314 may besquare, triangle, rectangle or trapezoidal shaped to correspond to theshape of the lands. Likewise, the support members may be solid incross-section as shown in FIGS. 8-10 or tubular as shown in FIG. 2-6.

The support members 312, 314 are aligned in a generally parallelconfiguration but may be aligned in a variety of configurationsdepending on the size and shape of the composite separator plate to beformed. The support members 312, 314 are respectively located above andbelow a median plane P. Specifically, the support members 312, 314 arepositioned so that the support members 312 located below the medianplane P are spaced apart from the support members 314 located above themedian plane P. For the purpose of clarity, the support members 312, 314are shown without a supporting or aligning device. However, it isgenerally understood that the mold 318 or some associated device alignsand retains the support members 312, 314 to achieve consistent anddesired alignment thereof.

Next, a plurality of continuous fibers 320 are woven around the supportmembers 312, 314 whereby each fiber 320 is supported by the supportmember 312, 314 to form a lattice structure 322 as indicated at block304 of FIG. 7. The continuous fibers 320 as shown in FIG. 8 are routedin a generally sinusoidal pattern to optimize the orientation of thecontinuous fibers 320 in a through plane direction for effectiveelectrical conductivity through the plate. The continuous fibers 320 arepreferably arranged along the longitudinal axis of the support members312, 314 to provide an even distribution of contact elements. Thecontinuous fibers 320 are shown without any fixtures for the purpose ofclarity. However, it is readily understood that the continuous fibers320 may require a device to align or retain the fibers in the desiredposition.

After the lattice 322 is formed, it is prepared for in-situ molding witha polymeric body portion 324 as indicated at block 306 of FIG. 7. Thebody portion 324 of the plate separator encases the support members 312,314 and the continuous fibers 320. FIG. 9 shows the lattice structure322 in an injection type polymer molding process. During the injectionmolding process, the lattice 322 is placed in the die cavity 316 of theinjection mold 318. The die cavity 316 (as shown in FIG. 8) includes afirst molding surface 326 and a second molding surface 328 formedtherein. The first molding surface 326 has a plurality of grooves formedtherein to form a plurality of complimentary lands in separator plate.Likewise, the second molding surface 328 has a plurality of groovesformed therein defining a plurality of complimentary land. In thismanner, molding surfaces 326, 328 forms molded flow fields in the upperand lower surfaces of the composite separator plate as illustrated inFIG. 10. Once the lattice 322 is properly situated in the mold cavity316, conventional injection molding techniques can be used to fabricatethe separator plate.

The geometry of the molding surfaces 326, 328 and hence the geometry ofthe lands play an important part in the orientation of the continuousfibers 320. While many parameters may be used to define plate geometrysuch as groove length, land length, and groove depth, an extra landheight extending beyond the support members 312, 314 promotes theorientation of the continuous fibers 320 in a through plane orientation.In this regard, an arched cross section, as shown in FIGS. 8-10, and inparticular the rounded top portion forces the continuous fibers 210 intothe groves in the molding surfaces 326, 328. Thus, the molding surfaces326, 328 are configured to form land extensions 330, 332 having aportion of the continuous fiber 320 therein. As presently preferred,extra land height is within the range of 10% to 50% of the thickness ofthe desired separator plate. For example, extra land height would beapproximately 0.2-1.0 millimeters for a separator plate having athickness of 2.0 millimeters.

After forming and cooling, the separator plate 334 is removed from themold 318 and prepared for machining. In the machining step indicated atblock 308 of FIG. 7, the land extensions 330, 332 are removed to reducethe thickness of plate 334 and to sever a portion of the continuousfibers 320. Removal of the land extensions 330, 332 reduces the landheight and forms an exposed surface. Once the land extensions 330, 332are removed, the fiber ends are exposed. Thus, severing the continuousfibers 320 creates an end which terminates at these exposed surfaceswhich provides good electrical and thermal contact with the primarycollector.

Because of the orientation of the continuous fibers 320 in lattice 322,the conductive elements formed by severing the continuous fibers 320 arealigned in the desired through plane configuration. The machiningoperation to remove the land extensions 330, 332 can be performed by anysuitable machining method depending on the particular composite materialand the mechanical properties thereof. In this regard, preferredmachining methods includes laser machining, water jet machining,milling, fly cutting and sanding. The machining operation has the addedbenefit of removing the polymer skin which may have formed during themolding operation. Upon completion of the machining operation, afinished product is formed. Through this machine operation, bettercontrol over the geometric dimensions of the separator plate is furtherobtained.

As described above, the molding process is used to form the lands andchannels of the separator plate. The machining process illustrated atblock 308 may also include machining of the lands and channels toachieve the proper geometric dimension of the flow field. Alternatively,the mold may be configured to form a generally planar blank which issubsequently machined to form the desired flow fields. Such alternatemeans of fabricating the flow fields are within the scope of the presentinvention.

Typically, the geometry of the molded flow field pattern in theseparator plate can significantly affect the orientation, and hence thethermal and electrical conductivity thereof. For example, as disclosedin U.S. Ser. No. 09/871,189 entitled “Fuel Cell Separator Plate HavingControlled Fiber Orientation And Method Of Manufacture” filed on May 31,2001, which is herein expressly incorporated by reference, plate designsemploying discrete fibers (i.e., fibers which do not extend continuouslythrough the separator plate) favors more a narrow flow field groovewidth as well as a wider land width to achieve through plane orientationof the discrete fibers. However, the manufacturing process of thepresent invention minimize the sensitivity of the fiber orientation tothe flow field geometry, in addition to providing a continuouselectrical path through the plate which is in good electrical andthermal contact with the primary collector. Furthermore, the presentinvention provides flexibility in the geometry of the flow fields. Whilethe preferred embodiments disclosed herein include a separator platehaving generally parallel support members and generally parallel flowchannels, the present invention is readily adaptable to plate designshaving more complex geometries, limited only by the ability to wrapsupport members with conductive fibers. A skilled practitioner will alsonote that the staggered or off set geometry (i.e. upper land area abovelower channel groove) enable the use of continuous fibers.

In the foregoing discussion of the preferred manufacturing process, aninjection type molding has been referenced and more particularly to adie cavity capable of forming a separator plate having certain landextension details on the upper and lower surfaces. However, one skilledin the art will readily recognize that other conventional formingprocesses such as compression molding or injection compression moldingmay be utilized to form a separator plate having such land extensionfeatures. As such, the present invention is not limited to the injectionmolding technique described herein but encompasses other suitablemolding processes.

After machining, a highly conductive layer may be disposed along theplanar surface of the lands as indicated at block 310 of FIG. 7. Thehighly conductive layer is formed on the separator plate after the upperand lower extensions 330, 332 have been removed. The highly conductivelayer as described in reference to FIG. 4 is formed on the exposedsurfaces by adhering a sufficient quantity of electrically conductiveparticles thereto. The electrically conductive particles may be adheredto the exposed surfaces by vapor deposition (PVD or CVD) spraying,brushing, sifting, fluidized bed immersion or the like. It is alsocontemplated that the highly conductive layer may be formed on theexposed top surfaces by impingement or simply stuck to the surface whilethe polymeric material is in a tacky state.

The separator plate of the present invention may also include anadditional step to manufacture a separator plate with voids orpassageways (as described in reference to FIG. 5) instead of conductiveelongated support members disposed therein. In this method, supportmembers formed of polystyrene, aluminum or alumina are used in the stepindicated at block 302 of FIG. 7. After removing the land extensions,the support members are dissolved using a suitable solvent such asacetone or NaOH. Once the tubes are dissolved, the passageways remain inthe main body portion and are adaptable for coupling to a coolant fluidto control the thermal energy within the separator plate. The transferof thermal energy is enhanced because the fibers conduct thermal energydirectly to the coolant.

The above description of the preferred embodiments of the presentinvention are merely exemplary in nature and, thus, variations that donot depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within thescope of the invention. Such variations are not to be regarded as adeparture from the spirit and scope of the invention.

1. A composite separator plate for a fuel cell comprising a body portionhaving a first surface with at least one flow channel formed therein, asecond surface opposite said first surface, said body portion having apassageway formed through said plate between said first surface and saidsecond surface and a plurality of electrically conductive elements, eachof said plurality of electrically conductive elements having a first endterminating at said first surface and a second end terminating at saidsecond surface such that said element extends continuously through saidbody in a through plane direction.
 2. The composite separator plate ofclaim 1 wherein said body portion further comprises a polymericmaterial.
 3. The composite separator plate of claim 2 wherein saidpolymeric material is a thermally conductive polymeric material.
 4. Thecomposite separator plate of claim 2 wherein said polymeric material isselected from the group consisting of thermoset polymers andthermoplastic polymers.
 5. The composite separator plate of claim 4wherein said polymeric material is selected from the group consisting ofsilicone, poly-isobutylene, epoxy, polyvinyl ester, polyester andphenolic.
 6. The composite separator plate of claim 4 wherein saidpolymeric material is selected from the group consisting ofpolypropylene, ETFE, nylon and rubber-modified polypropylene.
 7. Thecomposite separator plate of claim 2 wherein said plurality ofconductive elements are selected from the group consisting of carbonfibers, graphite fibers, Au-coated graphite fibers, Pt-coated graphitefibers, Au fibers, Pt fibers and stainless steel fibers.
 8. Thecomposite separator plate of claim 1 wherein said composite separatorplate comprises a polymeric material of 50% to 99% by volume andconductive fibers of 1% to 50% by volume.
 9. The composite separatorplate of claim 1 wherein the cross-sectional area of each of said firstand second ends comprise 5% to 50% of the surface area of said first andsaid second surfaces respectively.
 10. The composite separator plate ofclaim 1 wherein said body portion further comprises a plurality ofthermally polymer conductive particles.
 11. The composite separatorplate of claim 1 wherein said composite separator plate has a bulkresistivity less than 0.01 ohm·cm.
 12. The composite separator plate ofclaim 1 wherein said composite separator plate has an area specificresistance less than 20 milliohms·cm².
 13. The composite separator plateof claim 1 wherein said composite separator plate includes a layer ofconductive material disposed over the first surface and in conduct withsaid plurality of conductive elements.
 14. The composite separator plateof claim 13 wherein said layer of conductive material includes at leastone material selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum,carbon, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium.
 15. The composite separatorplate of claim 1 wherein said second surface includes a plurality offlow channels formed therein.
 16. A composite separator plate for use ina fuel cell stack, the composite separator plate comprising: a pluralityof elongated support members; a body portion formed around the supportmembers and having a first surface with a plurality of flow channels anda second surface opposite the first surface; and a plurality ofelectrically conductive fibers disposed within the body portion, eachconductive fiber extending continuously from the first surface of thebody portion to the second surface of the polymeric body portion in athrough plane orientation.
 17. The composite separator plate of claim 16wherein a thermally conductive member is disposed between each of saidflow channels formed in the first surface.
 18. The composite separatorplate of claim 17 wherein said support members comprise thermallyconductive members.
 19. The composite separator plate of claim 18wherein said thermally conductive members are operably coupled to athermal management system to control the temperature of said compositeseparator plate.
 20. The composite separator plate of claim 18 whereinsaid thermally conductive members further comprise tubular members. 21.The composite separator plate of claim 20 further comprising a heat sinkextending from said thermally conductive tubular member and terminatingat said first surface.
 22. The composite separator plate of claim 20wherein said tubular member comprises at least one material selectedfrom the group consisting of carbon-loaded polymer, stainless steel,thermally-conductive polymer, carbon, titanium.
 23. The compositeseparator plate of claim 16 wherein said plurality of fibers arethermally conductive.
 24. The composite separator plate of claim 16wherein said composite separator plate includes a layer of conductivematerial disposed over said first surface and in conduct with saidplurality of fibers.
 25. The composite separator plate of claim 24wherein said layer of conductive material comprises at least onematerial is selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum,graphite, carbon, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium.
 26. The compositeseparator plate of claim 16 wherein said second surface includes aplurality of flow channels formed therein. 27.-37. (cancelled)